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| Speaker or Author: | Anonymous | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | Address, Delivered before a Colored Association in Brooklyn, N. Y. on the evening of the 5th inst. | | Date Published: | 1831-08-27 | | Notes: | An anonymous address regarding objections to the goals of the Colonization Society, with an emphasis on the negative impact of moving people from their native country. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Anonymous | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | Address, Delivered by a member of the Society co-operating with the General Convention at Philadelphia, in the African Church in Temple-street, New Haven. | | Date Published: | 1831-09-10 | | Notes: | Anonymous speech delivered by a member of the Society cooperating with the General Convention at Philadelphia against the colonization of Africa by freed slaves. (Includes MP3 audio file.) |
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| Speaker or Author: | Paul, Nathaniel, 1792 or 3-1839 | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College | | Title: | Speeches Delivered at the Anti-Colonization Meeting in Exeter Hall, London | | Date Published: | 1833-07 | | Notes: | Speech given in London's Exeter Hall against the colonization of Africa proposed by the American Colonization Society. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Paul, Nathaniel, 1792 or 3-1839 | | Newspaper: | Patriot | | Title: | American Colonization Society | | Date Published: | 1833-07-10 | | Notes: | Debate over the pros and cons of the goals of the American Colonization Society. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Purvis, Robert, 1810-1898 | | Newspaper: | Abolitionist | | Date Published: | 1833-12 | | Notes: | Speech given against the idea of the colonization of Africa by freed people of color. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Weekly Advocate (1837) | | Date Published: | 1837-02-04 | | Notes: | The editorial offers a quote from another newspaper that basically defines the mission statement of the Weekly Advocate. The writer expressed his appreciation for the welcome and support the Weekly Advocate received from other newspapers in the area. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1837-03-04 | | Notes: | The writer offers ways in which African Americans can get involved in the work towards abolition of slavery. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1837-05-06 | | Notes: | The writer stresses the social conscience that the abolitionist movement has created in the country. The work of abolitionists calls attention to the moral, spiritual and ethical wrongs of slavery. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1837-05-13 | | Notes: | Overview of a celebration held on the anniversary of the Colonization Society. Several ministers spoke and admitted to silent compliance with the system of slavery in their sermons. The idea was to encourage African Americans to agree with colonization based on the notion that because of the Church's "admittedly evil pact with Satan" in promoting slavery, there was no chance for freed people of color to advance out of their current social situation in the U.S. The only hope expressed by these ministers was for African Americans to agree with the tenets of the Colonization Society and move to Africa. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Title: | Freedom's Journal (June 8, 1827) | | Date Published: | 1837-05-13 | | Notes: | The editor includes an excerpt from an 1827 issue of the Freedom's Journal to prove that the majority of African Americans have never agreed with the idea of colonization. Colonization presented some grand ideas and goals, but the decesdants of slaves born in the U.S. have only considered the U.S. their home. The majority of African Americans are committed to the belief that equality and racial harmony are reasonable and achievable goals in this country. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1837-05-27 | | Notes: | Despite its good intentions, the writer believes that the American Colonization movement is a politically motivated ploy to remove people of color from the U.S., and thus solve the moral problem of slavery. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-01-20 | | Notes: | The writer expresses his belief that while members of the American Colonization Society are honorable and sincere people, the aim of the society is based in prejudice and those who align with its goals are mislead. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-01-27 | | Notes: | The writer expresses his rejection of the goals and ideals of colonization and the societies formed to promote it. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-03-03 | | Notes: | The writer warns his readers about the dubious authorship of a new newspaper called "The Colored Man's Journal." It encourages African Americans to embrace Colonization efforts and immigrate to Africa. This, the writer believes, could not be the writing of an African American. He believes this newspaper to be a sham. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-03-29 | | Notes: | The writer informs his readers that an appeal has been presented before the Supreme Court denouncing and protesting the actions of the "Reform Convention." He said if this "Reform Convention" has done anything good at all it has exposed the Colonization Society for the sham it really is. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-04-12 | | Notes: | The writer disagrees with the popular view of those promoting Colonization that the African American spirit is "broken" and that there is no chance for them to succeed in the land of their birth. He says that this is just another ploy to get free African Americans to leave their home country. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-05-03 | | Notes: | The writer reminds his readers of the revolutionary action abolitionists have taken in their continued fight for freedom. Their action isn't always overt, but a constant prodding and continued reminder of the moral wrong done to millions of their fellow human beings who remain in slavery. The abolitionist acts as the conscience of the nation. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-06-02 | | Notes: | The writer expresses his opposition to the American Colonization Society and its upcoming convention. He singles out Thomas Frelinghuysen who is one of the notable attendees and expresses his dismay that Mr. Frelinghuysen is choosing to align himself with the goals of this society. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-06-09 | | Notes: | The editorial appeals to new readers to become subscribers to the newspaper. The writer notes the importance of the newspaper and its benefit to the African American community. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-06-19 | | Notes: | The writer describes the events at a Colonization meeting held in Philadelphia. Although it was supposed to be open to everyone, African Americans were excluded. One African American man who got into the meeting, however, said it was merely a fund raiser and based on the fear of violence if the slaves were set free. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-06-30 | | Notes: | The writer is dismayed by the attention to the idea of mixing of the races (amalgamation) that seems to be the focus of those in favor of colonization. The fear is that freedom will encourage amalgamation, which he assures the white population is not an issue. He points to southern slavery as more conducive to amalgamation. Encouraging this fear is more a ploy by colonizationists than any real threat to society. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-07-21 | | Notes: | The writer warns his readers about an increase in violence against African Americans in the western states. He blames supporters of colonization for this. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-08-11 | | Notes: | The writer comments on the American Colonization Society. While he views it as an evil scheme, he believes it to be ultimately powerless in the face of ethical reasoning. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-09-01 | | Notes: | The writer reports on activities of the Colonization Society in New Jersey as it attempts to persuade free African Americans to move to Africa. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-10-20 | | Notes: | The writer tells his readers that the American Colonization Society advertises its services to colonize the African coast for those who consent to do so. Yet they then go out and "beg, threaten, and beguile" in order to get that consent. Their methods are underhanded and intended merely to make money off a system based in prejudice. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-10-20 | | Notes: | The writer suggests that those in favor of colonization who believe that African Americans are doomed to a state of lower-caste misery in the U.S. should take a good look at the progress being made in Canada among those who have immigrated there. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1838-12-15 | | Notes: | Brief comment on a recent presidential speech. The writer suggests that by the his silence on the subject of abolition, Martin Van Buren has offered a boost to the American Colonization Society's cause. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1839-03-09 | | Notes: | The writer notes the repercussions of the current emphasis on Colonization as a solution to the "problem" of emancipation. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1839-07-13 | | Notes: | The writer expresses his views regarding the motivation of those who encourage colonization. The proposed goals of this idea are presented in terms of Christian obligation, but he believes this is simply a way to remove African Americans from their home country. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1839-07-27 | | Notes: | The writer advises his readers not to discount immigration just because it sounds too much like Colonization. Colonization efforts involve a mass effort to move people from their home country. This is not the same as the action of one individual who wishes to move to another country to find a better life. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1839-11-16 | | Notes: | The writer compares and contrasts voluntary immigration to the western states and various other countries with the restrictions and demands of Colonization. While voluntary immigration can be useful to a society, scheme's like Colonization work against it. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1840-05-09 | | Notes: | The writer explains to his readers the misunderstanding of those who wish free African Americans to immigrate to other countries. Although they are of African heritage, they were born in this country, and this country is their home. They wish only to enjoy the rights and privileges afforded to all American citizens. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1840-06-06 | | Notes: | The writer comments on a report published in another newspaper describing hostile events taking place in Libera, Africa. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1840-07-11 | | Notes: | The writer replies to a letter from the immigration agent for Trinidad to a member of Britain's parliament blaming the actions of abolitionists for the current racial tension in the U.S. The agent reasoned that for free African Americans, immigration was the only rational choice. The writer disagreed with his conclusions. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1840-10-31 | | Notes: | The writer appeals to philanthropist Thomas Hodgkin to rethink his support of the American Colonization Society. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-04-10 | | Notes: | The writer replies to an article in the American Citizen newspaper indicating that fugitives are being aided in their escape to Canada. He says that the belief that African Americans who succeed in other countries will reflect positively on those left in the U.S. is just another scam to realize the goals of Colonization. He wonders why it's necessary for African Americans to leave their home country to show their own worth when they can do this now where they are. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-04-24 | | Notes: | The writer alerts his readers to what he perceives to be a hoax to trick African Americans to immigrate to Liberia. A letter published in another newspaper tells readers a new society of African Americans is forming to facilitate this action. The writer believes this is a ploy by the American Colonization Society to realize its goals. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-04-24 | | Notes: | The writer comments on an article published in another newspaper by J.W.C. Pennington regarding the return to Africa of the Amistad captives. Dr. Pennington sees this as an opportunity to further his missionary work in Africa by using this incident to gain attention for his cause. The writer hopes that instead the people of this country will see the error in the Colonization efforts that Pennington supports. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-04-24 | | Notes: | The writer alerts his readers to a paper that is being circulated by an unknown author who says he is African American. The paper urges all African Americans to move to Oregon and petition Congress to set aside an area of this territory for an African American settlement. The writer tells his readers that this is evidently either a ploy to get African Americans to leave the city or a misguided person's ramblings. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-06-19 | | Notes: | The writer comments on an upcoming convention of Colonizationists to be held in Baltimore. Although this is ostensibly a religious based convention, the goal is to urge African Americans to leave the state. The writer shares one resolution warning those who stay that the members of the convention can't be held responsible for the consequences of such a choice. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-09-04 | | Notes: | The writer responds to an article published in another newspaper advising some steamboat companies to stop employing free African Americans since the fear is that they will "incite" slaves to runaway. The article advises that the only "safe" choice free African Americans have is colonization. The writer suggests that what has been overlooked in this point of view is the option to abolish slavery which makes more sense than colonization. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-09-25 | | Notes: | The writer comments on an article published in the New York Sun saying that prominent African Americans in Cincinnati, Ohio have chosen to immigrate to Liberia after the recent mob violence in Cincinnati. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-10-02 | | Notes: | The writer warns his readers not to be taken in by the promises of Colonization. He emphasizes the missionary work of George S. Brown who, when he could not convert the native Africans to Christianity, killed them en mass and then bragged about doing so. Now this same missionary is attempting to persuade free African Americans to immigrate to Liberia. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Colored American (1837 - 1842) | | Date Published: | 1841-11-13 | | Notes: | The writer comments on a pamphlet published by a woman who recently returned from Jamaica. The writer of the pamphlet, along with the American Consul and the editor of the Liberator newspaper all agree that immigrating to the West Indies is an unwise choice for African Americans. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Northern Star and Freemen's Advocate (1842 - 18??) | | Date Published: | 1842-03-10 | | Notes: | The writer addresses those he believes have set out to malign the newspaper with "insinuations" that the editor is pro-Colonization. He believes this is just another effort to discredit the newspaper. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Northern Star and Freemen's Advocate (1842 - 18??) | | Date Published: | 1842-03-31 | | Notes: | The writer responds to criticism he received regarding his recent editorial on the discrepancies he's noticed between what abolitionists say and what they actually do with regard to helping African Americans. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Palladium of Liberty (1843 - 1844) | | Date Published: | 1844-08-28 | | Notes: | The writer comments on recent efforts to sway public sentiment towards Colonization as a way to resolve the perceived social issue of what to do with free African Americans. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Palladium of Liberty (1843 - 1844) | | Date Published: | 1844-10-16 | | Notes: | The writer attempts to clarify his opinion on the idea of Colonization. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Impartial Citizen (1849 - 1851) | | Date Published: | 1849-02-28 | | Notes: | The writer responds to Henry Highland Garnet's request to indicate the differences in their ideas regarding African American life and Colonization. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Pennington, James W. C. | | Newspaper: | National Anti-Slavery Standard | | Title: | Great Anti-Colonization Mass Meeting of the Coloured Citizens of the City of New York. | | Date Published: | 1849-05-03 | | Notes: | Relatively brief speech regarding the events surrounding what the speaker perceived as misunderstandings regarding the intent of the American Colonization Society. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Impartial Citizen (1849 - 1851) | | Date Published: | 1849-08-08 | | Notes: | The writer described the events during a day of celebration in Auburn, New York. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1851-07-02 | | Notes: | Open letter to Henry Clay responding to his "scheme" of Colonization, and the continuation of slavery. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1851-08-13 | | Notes: | The writer gives an overview of a recent convention in New York. During the convention, delegates agreed to oppose the goals and actions of the American Colonization Society. The writer details some of the reasons for this stance. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1851-11-19 | | Notes: | The writer discusses immigration to Canada and the British West Indies by African Americans. He examines this subject from five perspectives: "commercial, agricultural, social, mental, and political." |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1851-12-17 | | Notes: | The editor provides a brief overview of all that the newspaper has helped to accomplish over its first year of publication. Now, donations to help the poor and payment of subscription fees are desperately needed to continue this effort. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1851-12-17 | | Notes: | The writer comments on an article published in another newspaper about the feared fate of slaves if they are emancipated. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1852-02-12 | | Notes: | The writer questions the change in policy of James G. Birny who previously stood in opposition to Colonization, but now seems to have changed his thoughts on the subject. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Title: | "Beware of imposition." | | Date Published: | 1852-03-11 | | Notes: | The writer provides an update on the activities of those who support Colonization. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1852-06-17 | | Notes: | The writer expresses his dismay at the idea that African Americans are even considering joining the colonization movement and migrating to Liberia. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1852-07-01 | | Notes: | The writer divides the responses of the American people to the question of slavery into three camps: those who advocate Colonization, those who see slavery as a necessary economic system, and those who call for immediate emancipation of all slaves. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Voice of the Fugitive (1851 - 1852) | | Date Published: | 1852-10-07 | | Notes: | The writer comments on James G. Birney's endorsement of the American Colonization Society's efforts to colonize Liberia. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Provincial Freeman (1853 - 1859) | | Date Published: | 1853-03-24 | | Notes: | The writer notes the spread of Colonization efforts into Canada. He notes that while the idea of colonization seems so important to the U.S. and Canadian governments, no black independent government in any part of the world has ever been recognized as valid. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Aliened American (1853 - 1877) | | Date Published: | 1853-04-09 | | Notes: | The writer points out a discrepancy in the number of immigrants reportedly colonized in Liberia and the amount of money the American Colonization Society say they have invested in each person participating in this project. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Douglass, H. Ford | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- New York Historical Society -- Anti-Slavery Pamphlets | | Title: | Speech of H. Ford Douglass in Reply to Mr. J. M. Langston Before the Emigration Convention at Cleveland, Ohio. Delivered on the Evening of the 27th of August, 1854. | | Date Published: | 1854 | | Notes: | Speech in reply to John Mercer Langston who the speaker accuses of not being clear regarding his support of colonization. The speaker argues for immigration as a solution to the questions that arise regarding the nominally free people living in the U.S. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Watkins, William J. | | Newspaper: | Frederick Douglass' Paper (1851 - 18??) | | Date Published: | 1854-02-10 | | Notes: | The writer offers commentary on the good intentions of Abolitionists who sometimes do more harm than good. He suggests that the idea of conquering prejudice is indeed the way towards freedom, but that Abolitionists must overcome their own prejudices first. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Provincial Freeman (1853 - 1859) | | Date Published: | 1854-05-13 | | Notes: | The writer comments on a recent story published in local newspapers telling readers that 30 African Americans traveling through Kentucky on their way to Liberia were given free transportation. He believes this is just another ploy to encourage Colonization. |
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| Speaker or Author: | C. | | Newspaper: | Provincial Freeman (1853 - 1859) | | Date Published: | 1854-10-14 | | Notes: | The writer responds to an article published in another newspaper relating the story of 56 liberated slaves. Funds are being raised by Colonizationists who are organizing transportation to send these people to Liberia. The writer wonders why this money couldn't be used to purchase land in Canada and settle these people there instead. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Watkins, William J. | | Newspaper: | Frederick Douglass' Paper (1851 - 18??) | | Date Published: | 1854-12-08 | | Notes: | The writer continues his answer to the question "What have the Abolitionists done?" that he began in a previous issue. He explains that abolitionists have kept the focus on the issue of slavery by agitation, speeches, aid to fugitives, and an untiring devotion to the cause of freedom. The have suffered imprisonment, shame, and personal attacks for what they believe is right. |
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| Speaker or Author: | S. | | Newspaper: | Provincial Freeman (1853 - 1859) | | Date Published: | 1854-12-16 | | Notes: | The writer comments on an article by Mrs. Douglass' (possibly Sarah Douglass) that blames the problems of race relationships in the U.S. on amalgamation, the mixing of races through what she believes is illicit behavior. The writer notes that Mrs. Douglass assumes that if a man and woman are of different races that there couldn't possibly be love involved; one must be the victim of the other. Her article implies that people of African descent are too inferior to even be considered worthy of love from their white fellow human beings. The writer notes that this idea detracts from the real problem which is the system of slavery itself. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Downing, George T. (George Thomas), 1819-1903 | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | New England Colored Citizens' Convention | | Date Published: | 1859-08-26 | | Notes: | Brief speech denouncing the African Civilization Project. The speaker believed this was similar to the American Colonization Society project and just one more way of making money using African American labor. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Martin, J. Sella (John Sella), b. 1832 | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | New England Colored Citizens' Convention | | Date Published: | 1859-08-26 | | Notes: | Brief speech in which the speaker defended the African civilization project. He believed that immigrating to Africa, growing cotton there, then selling cotton to England was one of the best way to end slavery in the U.S. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Smith, J. B. (John B.), Rev., fl. 1852-1863 | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | New England Colored Citizens' Convention | | Date Published: | 1859-08-26 | | Notes: | Brief speech in which the speaker advocted the African Civilization Project. He emphasized consideration of this endeavor to gain the "...respect of their enemies." |
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| Speaker or Author: | Garnet, Henry Highland, 1815-1882 | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Title: | Enthusiastic Meeting of the Colored Citizens of Boston | | Date Published: | 1859-09-10 | | Notes: | Lively and debated speech in which the speaker defended his position on the colonization of Africa by free people of color. The speaker was for Colonization, but felt that his position on this effort had been misunderstood. (This speech is continued in speech 21063 and these two speeches are combined here.) |
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| Speaker or Author: | Rock, John S. (John Sweat), 1825-1866 | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | Speech of Dr. John S. Rock, Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, in Boston, Jan. 27, 1860 | | Date Published: | 1860-02-03 | | Notes: | Speech addressing the current question of "what is to be done with the free colored people?" At the time, there were several issues regarding what would happen to the country if the slaves were set free. The speaker addressed the national fears; amalgamation; ideas regarding colonization or "removal"; and irrational concerns about violence. He assured his audience that both races were capable of living together in harmony. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Garnet, Henry Highland, 1815-1882 | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Title: | Meetings of the African Civilization Society | | Date Published: | 1860-03-17 | | Notes: | The speaker supported the goals and motivations of the African Civilization Society. He stressed that the motivation behind the funding of immigration to Africa is to confirm friendly relations with the native people, to purchase land for immigrants, to build schools and churches, to promote lawful commerce, and to encourage the spread of Christianity. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Stewart, Rev. Mr. | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Title: | Meetings of the African Civilization Society | | Date Published: | 1860-03-17 | | Notes: | Speech given in response to Henry Highland Garnet's expression of support of the African Civilization Society. The speaker also supported this effort and emphasized the potential for success that this endeavor offered. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Delany, Martin Robison, 1812-1885 | | Newspaper: | Patriot | | Title: | Christian Civilization in Africa | | Date Published: | 1860-07-26 | | Notes: | The speaker expressed his idea that the colonization of Liberia had failed because the promoters of the initiative lacked organization and planning. The focus was on the number of people that could be gathered to immigrate without any thought to what they would do once they got to Liberia. He advised asking the immigrants to pay their own way, and making the project a purely secular one. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | AD Draft -- New York Public Library -- Schomburg Collection | | Date Published: | 1860-12-22 | | Notes: | -- Copyright Permission Granted September 2007 -- Handwritten notes for speech regarding the speaker's idea that the colonization of Africa is part of God's plan. The speaker emphasized the potential for a quality life there doing God's work. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- New York Public Library -- Schomburg Collection | | Title: | The Progress and Prospects of the Republic of Liberia Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the New York Colonization Society, New York, May 9th, 1861 | | Date Published: | 1861 | | Notes: | Lengthy speech describing the current situation in the new colony of Monrovia in Liberia, Africa. The speaker emphasized the positive aspects of an abundance of natural resources, a freedom based society and a just government available there. (speech 23971 is a duplicate of this speech) |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | New York Public Library -- Schomburg Collection | | Title: | The Progress of Civilization Along the West Coast of Africa | | Date Published: | 1861 | | Notes: | Speech emphasizing the benefits of colonization in Africa. The speaker listed each benefit and positive feature of Africa in a very rational and pragmatic way emphasizing trade, economics, education and Christian missionary work that have improved the colonized areas. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Garnet, Henry Highland, 1815-1882 | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Date Published: | 1861-01-19 | | Notes: | The writer sternly responds to a letter previously published in the newspaper. He defends his affiliation with the African Civilization Society and insists that it is not associated with Colonization in any fashion. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Campbell, Robert, of the Niger Valley Exploring Party | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Title: | Our Philadelphia Letter. Philadelphia, March 18, 1861. Lecture at the Institute for Colored Youth. | | Date Published: | 1861-03-23 | | Notes: | Speech encouraging young African American men to consider settling in Africa. The speaker's message is subtle and couched in terms of exploration and racial pride. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Title: | A Hearty Welcome Home. | | Date Published: | 1861-05-04 | | Notes: | Overview of speech given in response to the speaker's welcome back to New York from his new home in Africa. The speaker emphasizes the positive condition of the new Liberian society he is helping to establish there. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Colonization Society | | Date Published: | 1861-06 | | Notes: | The speaker stressed the benefits of immigration to Liberia by free African Americans. He emphasized the potential for riches, quality education, and peaceful freedom that were available in Liberia. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Downing, George T. (George Thomas), 1819-1903 | | Newspaper: | Pine and Palm | | Title: | Discussion on Emigration | | Date Published: | 1861-08-03 | | Notes: | Speech denouncing the colonization efforts of the U.S. with regard to both the American Colonization Society and the African Civilization Society. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Brown, William Wells, 1814?-1884 | | Newspaper: | Pine and Palm | | Title: | Discussion on Emigration | | Date Published: | 1861-08-03 | | Notes: | The speaker expressed his encouragement regarding the idea of colonizing Hayti. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Day, William Howard, d. 1900 | | Newspaper: | Leeds Intelligencer | | Title: | Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Slaves in the West Indies | | Date Published: | 1861-08-03 | | Notes: | Overview of speech detailing the economics of slavery. The speaker noted the successes realized by free states when proponents of slavery had expressed the belief that without slavery the country couldn't survive economically. The speaker emphasized the influence of cotton on the continuation of slavery, and spoke against the idea of colonization. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Brown, William Wells, 1814?-1884 | | Newspaper: | Pine and Palm | | Date Published: | 1861-08-17 | | Notes: | Speech denouncing the idea of immigation to Hayti for freed African Americans. The speaker emphasized that America is home to former slaves and that they owe it to those who continue in slavery to stay in the U.S. He believed that slavery was nearing its end and that America would be a country that welcomed all races in the future. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Address of Rev. Alexander Crummell At the Anniversary Meeting of the Massachusetts Colonization Society | | Date Published: | 1861-09 | | Notes: | Lengthy speech describing the current conditions in Africa, the new colony in Monrovia and in Liberia. The speaker emphasized the abundance of natural resources, the stability of the freedom based government, and the availability of education to everyone. (Speech 24099 is a duplicate of this speech. Speech 24140 offers another version of this speech.) |
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| Speaker or Author: | Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 1832-1912. | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Hope for Africa. A Discourse Delivered in the Presbyterian Church | | Date Published: | 1861-09 | | Notes: | Speech describing the geographical and cultural aspects of Ethiopia, Liberia and other explored areas of Africa. The speaker encouraged an evangelical approach to colonization of Africa. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Smith, J. B. (John B.), Rev., fl. 1852-1863 | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Title: | Rev. J. B. Smith's Lecture in Philadelphia | | Date Published: | 1861-09-14 | | Notes: | Commentary on a speech given to encourage African Americans to immigrate to Africa or Hayti. The commentator believes the speaker made deliberate exaggerations in order to make money off the plight of the slaves. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Date Published: | 1861-10 | | Notes: | The speaker encouraged immigration to Liberia for former slaves. He emphasized the future potential awaiting free African Americans in Africa that would not only benefit the country, but benefit the race. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Day, William Howard, d. 1900 | | Newspaper: | Douglass' Monthly | | Title: | West India Emancipation--Celebration in Leeds, England | | Date Published: | 1861-10 | | Notes: | The speaker expressed his thoughts on the differences between the slave states and the free states. Although argument had been made that slavery was necessary for the good of the economy, he noted that from his experience and the current price of land, he believed that instead slavery "impoverished the land." He also expressed his thoughts on the influence of cotton on continuing slavery; and his belief in the benefits of colonization as an alternative to living in a country that was becoming wealthy from slavery. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Watkins, William J. | | Newspaper: | Pine and Palm | | Title: | Mr. Watkins' Lecture on Hayti | | Date Published: | 1861-11-23 | | Notes: | Overview of a speech encouraging immigration to Hayti. The speaker emphasized the prejudice and injustice African Americans must endure in this country, and the benefits and immigration incentives available in Hayti. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Day, William Howard, d. 1900 | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- Birmingham, England -- Public Libraryq | | Title: | The American Crisis and The Slave Trade | | Date Published: | 1861-12-13 | | Notes: | The speaker presented an overview of the goals of the African Aid Society to help fugitive slaves who had escaped to Canada immigrate to Africa. He blamed the over-reliance on the economic value of cotton for continued slavery in the U.S. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 1832-1912. | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- Our Origin, Dangers and Duties -- Lynch, Black Spokesman: Selected Published Writings of Edward Wilmot Blyden, pp. 25-33 | | Title: | The Call of Providence to the Descendants of Africa in America | | Date Published: | 1862 | | Notes: | The speaker encouraged those of African descent to return to their "fatherland" and help cultivate and develop Africa. He believed that Africa offered opportunity and freedom that freed slaves could never find in America. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 1832-1912. | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- Lynch, Black Spokesman: Selected Published Writings of Edward Wilmot Blyden, pp. 11-20 | | Title: | An Address Before the Maine State Colonization Society. Liberia--The Foundation of an Empire. | | Date Published: | 1862 | | Notes: | Speech supporting the African colonization efforts of freed slaves. The speaker emphasized the benefits of African Americans immigrating to Africa. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Rock, John S. (John Sweat), 1825-1866 | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | Speech of John S. Rock, Esq., At the Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Thursday Evening, Jan. 23 | | Date Published: | 1862-02-14 | | Notes: | Speech regarding the influence the question of abolition has on decisions being made within the government during the Civil War. The speaker expressed his views about the war and its possible outcome. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Date Published: | 1862-04-12 | | Notes: | Dr. Joshua Leavitt, long time leader in the American Anti-Slavery Society, seems now to believe that Colonization is the answer to the question "what do we do with the freed slaves?" The writer comments on Dr. Leavitt's contradictory views. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Weekly Anglo-African (1859 - 1862) | | Date Published: | 1862-04-26 | | Notes: | The writer comments on a letter Gerrit Smith sent to the Postmaster General regarding the Civil War, military activities, race relations, and the end of slavery. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Brown, William Wells, 1814?-1884 | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | Speech of William Wells Brown. Delivered at the New England Anti-Slavery Convention, Wednesday, May 28th, 1862. | | Date Published: | 1862-06-13 | | Notes: | The speaker addressed the issue of the competence and intellectual abilities of African Americans. He offered a rebuttal on the idea that freed slaves would be unable to take care of themselves. He emphasized a historical perspective on the intellectual ability of the Negro race to not only survive but to prosper independent of European influence. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 1832-1912. | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Rev. E. W. Blyden's Address at the Annual Meeting of the Maine Colonization Society, June, 1862 | | Date Published: | 1862-09 | | Notes: | The speaker described life in Africa with the U.S. colonization efforts taking place there. He encouraged freed slaves to immigrate and participate in the colonization of Liberia and Ethiopia. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Catto, William T. | | Newspaper: | Pacific Appeal | | Title: | New Haven Against Colonization | | Date Published: | 1862-10-18 | | Notes: | Overview of brief speech denouncing the idea of freed slaves colonizing Africa. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Bassett, Ebenezer D., 1833-1908 | | Newspaper: | Pacific Appeal | | Title: | New Haven Against Colonization | | Date Published: | 1862-10-18 | | Notes: | Brief speech denouncing the goals of the colonization of Africa by the U.S. government. (Includes MP3 audio file) |
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| Speaker or Author: | Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 1832-1912. | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Inaugural Address by Prof. E. W. Blyden | | Date Published: | 1862-11 | | Notes: | Inaugural speech given at the founding of the first college in West Africa. The speaker stressed the importance of education in the formation of Liberia. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- New York Public Library -- Schomburg Collection | | Title: | The Responsibility of the First Fathers of a Country for Its Future Life and Character | | Date Published: | 1863 | | Notes: | Lengthy speech given during a celebration held in honor of a battle the colonists fought with native Africans in December, 1822. The focus of the speech was on the responsibilities of the founding fathers in establishing the moral, ethical, and social regulations of a new colony like Monrovia in Africa. He emphasized that what the founding fathers establish now would affect the citizens of these colonies for generations to come. It is important, then, to lay a positive foundation now. (this speech is combined with speech 27949 and published as speech number 27139) |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- New York Public Library -- Schomburg Collection | | Title: | Emigratin, an Aid to the Evangelization of Africa -- A Sermon to Barbadian Emigrants, at Trinity Church, Monrovia, Liberia, West Africa, May 14th, 1863 | | Date Published: | 1863 | | Notes: | Lengthy sermon in which the speaker compares the plight of those held in bondage in the U.S. with the experiences of slaves in ancient Egypt. The speaker believed that it was God's Will that the people of Africa should be converted to Christianity. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Downing, George T. (George Thomas), 1819-1903 | | Newspaper: | Presscopy -- Boston Athenaeum -- Pamphlet Collection | | Title: | Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men Held in the City of Syracuse, N. Y. | | Date Published: | 1864 | | Notes: | The speaker expressed suspicion at the request of the African Civilization Society for help with those in need in Liberia. He believed this was a backhanded way for the colonization society to get funds. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Elevator (1865 - 18??) | | Date Published: | 1865-04-07 | | Notes: | In a brief note, the editor directs the attention of his readers to an article in the New York Tribune regarding a meeting held in Savannah, Georgia between Generals Sherman and Stanton and the African American people there. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Elevator (1865 - 18??) | | Date Published: | 1865-04-14 | | Notes: | The writer shares an article from the Christian Advocate which in turn includes an article from the Oregon Advocate regarding equal rights to free African Americans. These two Christian newspapers discuss issues like Colonization, which was long ago abandoned as a solution to the issues of African American equality and racial degradation. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Maine Colonization Society | | Date Published: | 1865-09 | | Notes: | The speaker offered a report on the progress being made in Liberia over the previous four years. Trade, education and immigration had increased, and the future for the country looked bright and hopeful. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | Liberator | | Title: | Education for All. The Black Professor's Speech. | | Date Published: | 1865-09-15 | | Notes: | The speaker expressed his joy at the progress being made through emancipation in the U. S., and welcomed any African American interested in moving to Liberia to teach and/or add benefit to the continent of Africa. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Crummell, Alexander, 1819-1898 | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Emigration, as Aid to Evangelization of Africa | | Date Published: | 1865-10 | | Notes: | Lengthy speech published in two issues of the African Repository newspaper (combined here into one speech). The speaker noted the similarities between the enslaved people in the U.S. and those enslaved in Israel and Egypt in ancient times. The speaker believed colonization of Africa offered the way to freedom. He emphasized the positive aspects of the new colonies in Monrovia and Liberia. |
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| Speaker or Author: | editor | | Newspaper: | Elevator (1865 - 18??) | | Date Published: | 1865-10-06 | | Notes: | The writer offers his views on the platform of General Jacob Cox, a candidate for governor of Ohio. |
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| Speaker or Author: | Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 1832-1912. | | Newspaper: | African Repository | | Title: | Liberia's Origins, Dangers and Duties. Address by Rev. E. W. Blyden | | Date Published: | 1865-12 | | Notes: | Speech delivered on the 18th anniversary of Liberian Independence. The speaker stressed the accomplishments of the nation of Liberia and suggested amendments to its constitution. |
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